Hadamard space

In geometry, an Hadamard space, named after Jacques Hadamard, is a non-linear generalization of a Hilbert space. It is defined to be a nonempty[1] complete metric space where, given any points x, y, there exists a point m such that for every point z,

d(z, m)^2 %2B {d(x, y)^2 \over 4} \le {d(z, x)^2 %2B d(z, y)^2 \over 2}.

The point m is then the midpoint of x and y: d(x, m) = d(y, m) = d(x, y)/2.

In a Hilbert space, the above inequality is equality (with m = (x%2By)/2), and in general an Hadamard space is said to be flat if the above inequality is equality. A flat Hadmard space is isomorphic to a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space. In particular, a normed space is an Hadamard space if and only if it is a Hilbert space.

The geometry of Hadamard spaces resemble that of Hilbert spaces, making it a natural setting for the study of rigidity theorems. In an Hadamard space, any two points can be joined by a unique geodesic between them; in particular, it is contractible. Quite generally, if B is a bounded subset of a metric space, then the center of the closed ball of the minimum radius containing it is called the circumcenter of B.[2] Every bounded subset of an Hadamard space is contained in the smallest closed ball (which is the same as the closure of its convex hull). If \Gamma is the group of isometries of an Hadamard space leaving invariant B, then \Gamma fixes the circumcenter of B. (Bruhat–Tits fixed point theorem)

The basic result for a non-positively curved manifold is the Cartan–Hadamard theorem. The analog holds for an Hadamard space: a complete, connected metric space which is locally isometric to an Hadamard space has an Hadamard space as its universal cover. Its variant applies for non-positively curved orbifolds. (cf. Lurie.)

Examples of Hadamard spaces are Hilbert spaces, the Poincaré disc, trees (e.g., Bruhat–Tits building), Cayley graphs of discrete groups, (p, q)-space with p, q ≥ 3 and 2pq ≥ p + q, and Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive sectional curvature (e.g., symmetric spaces). An Hadamard space is precisely a complete CAT(0) space.

See also

References

  1. ^ The assumption on "nonempty" has meaning: a fixed point theorem often states the set of fixed point is an Hadamard space. The main content of such an assertion is that the set is nonempty.
  2. ^ A Course in Metric Geometry, p. 334.